Gotûbêj:Roj (stêrk)

Sun
	The Sun, viewed through a clear solar filter
Names	Sun, Sol, Sól, Helios
Adjectives	Solar
Symbol
Observation data
Mean distance from Earth	1 AU; 149,600,000 km; 8 min 19 s, light speed
Visual brightness	−26.74 (V)
Absolute magnitude	4.83
Spectral classification	G2V
Metallicity	Z = 0.0122
Angular size	0.527–0.545°
Orbital characteristics
Mean distance from Milky Way core	24,000 to 28,000 light-years
Galactic period	225–250 million years
Velocity	251 km/s; orbit Galactic Center; 20 km/s; to stellar neighborhood; 370 km/s; to cosmic microwave background;
Obliquity	7.25° (ecliptic); 67.23° (galactic plane);
Right ascension North pole	286.13° (286° 7′ 48″)
Declination of North pole	+63.87° (63° 52′ 12"N)
Sidereal rotation period	25.05 days (equator); 34.4 days (poles);
Equatorial rotation velocity	1.997 km/s
Physical characteristics
Equatorial radius	6.957×108 m; 109 × Earth radii
Flattening	0.00005
Surface area	6.09×1012 km2; 12,000 × Earth
Volume	1.412×1018 km3; 1,300,000 × Earth;
Mass	1.9885×1030 kg; 332,950 Earths;
Average density	1.408 g/cm3; 0.255 × Earth
Age	4.6 billion years
Equatorial surface gravity	274 m/s2; 27,9 g0
Moment of inertia factor	≈0.070
Surface escape velocity	617.7 km/s; 55 × Earth
Temperature	15,700,000 K (center); 5,772 K (photosphere); 5,000,000 K (corona);
Luminosity	3.828×1026 W; 3.75×1028 lm; 98 lm/W efficacy;
Color (B-V)	0.656
Mean radiance	2.009×107 W·m−2·sr−1
Photosphere composition by mass	73.46% hydrogen; 24.85% helium; 0.77% oxygen; 0.29% carbon; 0.16% iron; 0.12% neon; 0.09% nitrogen; 0.07% silicon; 0.05% magnesium; 0.04% sulfur;

Li ser vê rûpelê zêdetir agahî bibîne

Ev rûpela gotûbêjê ji bo nîqaşên li ser pêşvexistina Roj (stêrk) e.
Ev ne forumek e ku li ser mijara gotarê nîqaşên gelemper li dar bixin.

Nivîsên nû piştî nivîsên kevn lê zêde bike. Gotûbêjekê bide destpêkirin.
Nû hatî Wîkîpediyayê? Bi xêr hatî! Guhartinê hîn bibe; alîkarî bixwaze.

Polîtîkayên gotaran

Çavkaniyê lê bigere: Google (kitêb · nûçe · zanyarî · wêneyên azad · WP çavk) · JSTOR · NYT · Kitêbxaneya WPyê

Zêdekirina Agahîdankê

Şiroveya dawî: Doh di 21:01 de2 şirove2 kes di gotûbêjê de ne

@Balyozxane bira merheba ji kerema tu dikarî di demekê guncaw de Agahîdank a ji ser Wîkîpediya îngilîzî li gotarê zide bikî. Penaber49 (gotûbêj) 18:51, 7 kanûna paşîn 2025 (UTC)Bersiv bide

Silav bira @Penaber49 rasterast şablonê kopî bike û çi dibînî bike kurdî jî xeynî parametreyên wekî label û data. Ji ber ku şabloneke xusûsî li ser ên.wikiye jî ne hatiye bikaranîn.----Balyozxane (gotûbêj). 21:01, 7 kanûna paşîn 2025 (UTC)Bersiv bide

^ Xeletiya çavkanî: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named OED
^ Xeletiya çavkanî: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Lexico
^ Xeletiya çavkanî: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named OED2
^ Pitjeva, E. V.; Standish, E. M. (2009). "Proposals for the masses of the three largest asteroids, the Moon–Earth mass ratio and the Astronomical Unit". Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy. 103 (4): 365–372. Bibcode:2009CeMDA.103..365P. doi:10.1007/s10569-009-9203-8. ISSN 1572-9478. S2CID 121374703. Ji orîjînalê di 9 tîrmeh 2019 de hat arşîvkirin. Roja gihiştinê 13 tîrmeh 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Williams, D. R. (1 tîrmeh 2013). "Sun Fact Sheet". NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Ji orîjînalê di 15 tîrmeh 2010 de hat arşîvkirin. Roja gihiştinê 12 tebax 2013.
^ Zombeck, Martin V. (1990). Handbook of Space Astronomy and Astrophysics 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press. Ji orîjînalê di 3 sibat 2021 de hat arşîvkirin. Roja gihiştinê 13 kanûna paşîn 2016.
^ Asplund, M.; Grevesse, N.; Sauval, A. J. (2006). "The new solar abundances – Part I: the observations". Communications in Asteroseismology. 147: 76–79. Bibcode:2006CoAst.147...76A. doi:10.1553/cia147s76. ISSN 1021-2043. S2CID 123824232.
^ "Eclipse 99: Frequently Asked Questions". NASA. Ji orîjînalê di 27 gulan 2010 de hat arşîvkirin. Roja gihiştinê 24 çiriya pêşîn 2010.
^ Francis, Charles; Anderson, Erik (hezîran 2014). "Two estimates of the distance to the Galactic Centre". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 441 (2): 1105–1114. arXiv:1309.2629. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.441.1105F. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu631. S2CID 119235554.
^ Hinshaw, G.; Weiland, J. L.; Hill, R. S.; Odegard, N.; Larson, D.; û yên din. (2009). "Five-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe observations: data processing, sky maps, and basic results". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 180 (2): 225–245. arXiv:0803.0732. Bibcode:2009ApJS..180..225H. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/225. S2CID 3629998.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Solar System Exploration: Planets: Sun: Facts & Figures". NASA. Ji orîjînalê di 2 kanûna paşîn 2008 de hat arşîvkirin.
^ ^a ^b Prša, Andrej; Harmanec, Petr; Torres, Guillermo; û yên din. (1 tebax 2016). "NOMINAL VALUES FOR SELECTED SOLAR AND PLANETARY QUANTITIES: IAU 2015 RESOLUTION B3 * †". The Astronomical Journal. 152 (2): 41. arXiv:1510.07674. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/2/41. ISSN 0004-6256.
^ Bonanno, A.; Schlattl, H.; Paternò, L. (2002). "The age of the Sun and the relativistic corrections in the EOS". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 390 (3): 1115–1118. arXiv:astro-ph/0204331. Bibcode:2002A&A...390.1115B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020749. S2CID 119436299.
^ Connelly, J. N.; Bizzarro, M.; Krot, A. N.; Nordlund, Å.; Wielandt, D.; Ivanova, M. A. (2 çiriya paşîn 2012). "The Absolute Chronology and Thermal Processing of Solids in the Solar Protoplanetary Disk". Science. 338 (6107): 651–655. Bibcode:2012Sci...338..651C. doi:10.1126/science.1226919. PMID 23118187. S2CID 21965292.Şablon:Registration required
^ Gray, David F. (çiriya paşîn 1992). "The Inferred Color Index of the Sun". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 104 (681): 1035–1038. Bibcode:1992PASP..104.1035G. doi:10.1086/133086.
^ "The Sun's Vital Statistics". Stanford Solar Center. Ji orîjînalê di 14 çiriya pêşîn 2012 de hat arşîvkirin. Roja gihiştinê 29 tîrmeh 2008. Citing Eddy, J. (1979). A New Sun: The Solar Results From Skylab. NASA. r. 37. NASA SP-402. Ji orîjînalê di 30 tîrmeh 2021 de hat arşîvkirin. Roja gihiştinê 12 tîrmeh 2017.

[OED-1] Xeletiya çavkanî: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named OED

[Lexico-2] Xeletiya çavkanî: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Lexico

[OED2-3] Xeletiya çavkanî: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named OED2

[Pitjeva2009-4] Pitjeva, E. V.; Standish, E. M. (2009). "Proposals for the masses of the three largest asteroids, the Moon–Earth mass ratio and the Astronomical Unit". Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy. 103 (4): 365–372. Bibcode:2009CeMDA.103..365P. doi:10.1007/s10569-009-9203-8. ISSN 1572-9478. S2CID 121374703. Ji orîjînalê di 9 tîrmeh 2019 de hat arşîvkirin. Roja gihiştinê 13 tîrmeh 2019.

[nssdc-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Williams, D. R. (1 tîrmeh 2013). "Sun Fact Sheet". NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Ji orîjînalê di 15 tîrmeh 2010 de hat arşîvkirin. Roja gihiştinê 12 tebax 2013.

[6] Zombeck, Martin V. (1990). Handbook of Space Astronomy and Astrophysics 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press. Ji orîjînalê di 3 sibat 2021 de hat arşîvkirin. Roja gihiştinê 13 kanûna paşîn 2016.

[7] Asplund, M.; Grevesse, N.; Sauval, A. J. (2006). "The new solar abundances – Part I: the observations". Communications in Asteroseismology. 147: 76–79. Bibcode:2006CoAst.147...76A. doi:10.1553/cia147s76. ISSN 1021-2043. S2CID 123824232.

[8] "Eclipse 99: Frequently Asked Questions". NASA. Ji orîjînalê di 27 gulan 2010 de hat arşîvkirin. Roja gihiştinê 24 çiriya pêşîn 2010.

[francis14-9] Francis, Charles; Anderson, Erik (hezîran 2014). "Two estimates of the distance to the Galactic Centre". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 441 (2): 1105–1114. arXiv:1309.2629. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.441.1105F. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu631. S2CID 119235554.

[10] Hinshaw, G.; Weiland, J. L.; Hill, R. S.; Odegard, N.; Larson, D.; û yên din. (2009). "Five-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe observations: data processing, sky maps, and basic results". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 180 (2): 225–245. arXiv:0803.0732. Bibcode:2009ApJS..180..225H. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/225. S2CID 3629998.

[sse-11] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Solar System Exploration: Planets: Sun: Facts & Figures". NASA. Ji orîjînalê di 2 kanûna paşîn 2008 de hat arşîvkirin.

[IAU2015resB3-12] Prša, Andrej; Harmanec, Petr; Torres, Guillermo; û yên din. (1 tebax 2016). "NOMINAL VALUES FOR SELECTED SOLAR AND PLANETARY QUANTITIES: IAU 2015 RESOLUTION B3 * †". The Astronomical Journal. 152 (2): 41. arXiv:1510.07674. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/2/41. ISSN 0004-6256.

[Bonanno-13] Bonanno, A.; Schlattl, H.; Paternò, L. (2002). "The age of the Sun and the relativistic corrections in the EOS". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 390 (3): 1115–1118. arXiv:astro-ph/0204331. Bibcode:2002A&A...390.1115B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020749. S2CID 119436299.

[14] Connelly, J. N.; Bizzarro, M.; Krot, A. N.; Nordlund, Å.; Wielandt, D.; Ivanova, M. A. (2 çiriya paşîn 2012). "The Absolute Chronology and Thermal Processing of Solids in the Solar Protoplanetary Disk". Science. 338 (6107): 651–655. Bibcode:2012Sci...338..651C. doi:10.1126/science.1226919. PMID 23118187. S2CID 21965292.Şablon:Registration required

[15] Gray, David F. (çiriya paşîn 1992). "The Inferred Color Index of the Sun". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 104 (681): 1035–1038. Bibcode:1992PASP..104.1035G. doi:10.1086/133086.

[16] "The Sun's Vital Statistics". Stanford Solar Center. Ji orîjînalê di 14 çiriya pêşîn 2012 de hat arşîvkirin. Roja gihiştinê 29 tîrmeh 2008. Citing Eddy, J. (1979). A New Sun: The Solar Results From Skylab. NASA. r. 37. NASA SP-402. Ji orîjînalê di 30 tîrmeh 2021 de hat arşîvkirin. Roja gihiştinê 12 tîrmeh 2017.

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Observation data
The Sun, viewed through a clear solar filter
Names	Sun, Sol,^[1] Sól, Helios^[2]
Adjectives	Solar^[3]
Symbol
Mean distance from Earth	1 AU 149,600,000 km 8 min 19 s, light speed^[4]
Visual brightness	−26.74 (V)^[5]
Absolute magnitude	4.83^[5]
Spectral classification	G2V^[6]
Metallicity	Z = 0.0122^[7]
Angular size	0.527–0.545°^[8]
Orbital characteristics
Mean distance from Milky Way core	24,000 to 28,000 light-years^[9]
Galactic period	225–250 million years
Velocity	251 km/s orbit Galactic Center 20 km/s to stellar neighborhood 370 km/s to cosmic microwave background^[10]
Obliquity	7.25° (ecliptic)^[5] 67.23° (galactic plane)
Right ascension North pole	286.13° (286° 7′ 48″)^[5]
Declination of North pole	+63.87° (63° 52′ 12"N)^[5]
Sidereal rotation period	25.05 days (equator) 34.4 days (poles)^[5]
Equatorial rotation velocity	1.997 km/s^[11]
Physical characteristics
Equatorial radius	6.957×10⁸ m^[12] 109 × Earth radii^[11]
Flattening	0.00005^[5]
Surface area	6.09×10¹² km² 12,000 × Earth^[11]
Volume	1.412×10¹⁸ km³ 1,300,000 × Earth
Mass	1.9885×10³⁰ kg^[5] 332,950 Earths^[5]
Average density	1.408 g/cm³ 0.255 × Earth^[5]^[11]
Age	4.6 billion years^[13]^[14]
Equatorial surface gravity	274 m/s²^[5] 27,9 g₀^[11]
Moment of inertia factor	≈0.070^[5]
Surface escape velocity	617.7 km/s 55 × Earth^[11]
Temperature	15,700,000 K (center)^[5] 5,772 K (photosphere)^[12] 5,000,000 K (corona)
Luminosity	3.828×10²⁶ W^[5] 3.75×10²⁸ lm 98 lm/W efficacy
Color (B-V)	0.656^[15]
Mean radiance	2.009×10⁷ W·m⁻²·sr⁻¹
Photosphere composition by mass	73.46% hydrogen 24.85% helium 0.77% oxygen 0.29% carbon 0.16% iron 0.12% neon 0.09% nitrogen 0.07% silicon 0.05% magnesium 0.04% sulfur^[16]