Osman I

Osman I
Osman I
Navê rastî	عُثمان غازى
Jidayikbûn	1258 ; Söğüt
Mirin	hezîran 1326 ; Söğüt
Cihê goristanê	Bursa
Meqam	siltanê Împeratoriya Osmanî (1299–1324) ;
Hevjîn	Rabia Bala Hatun; Mal hatun ;
Zarok	Orxan I; Alaeddin Pasha; Fatma Hatun ;
Dê û bav	Ertuğrul (bav); Halime Hatun (dê);
Malbat	Xanedaniya osmanî
	biguhêre - Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre

Osman I (tirkî: Osman Gazî, jdb. sala 1259an; m. sala 1323/4),^[1]^[2] carinan bi arkaîkî wekî Osman tê wergerandin, damezrînerê Împeratoriya Osmanî (pêşîn bi navê „Beylik“ an Mîrnişîna Osmanî tê zanîn). Di dema jiyana Osman de di destpêkê de mîrekiyeke biçûk a Tirkmen^[3] bû, neviyên wî di sedsalên piştî mirina wî de veguherî împaratoriyeke cîhanê.^[4] Ew heya demek kurt piştî dawiya Şerê Cîhanê yê Yekem hebû.

Ji ber kêmbûna çavkaniyên dîrokî yên ji dema jiyana wî de, agahiyên rastîn ên derbarê Osman de pir hindik mane. Ji serdema Osmanî de yek jêdereke nivîskî nemaye^[5] û osmaniyan dîroka jiyana Osman heta sedsala panzdehan tomar nekirine, ango sed sal piştî mirina wî.^[6] Ji ber vê yekê, dîroknas di gelek çîrokên ku li ser wî hatine vegotin de ferqkirina rastî û Çîrok pir dijwar dibînin.^[7] Dîroknasek heta wê derê çûye ku ev yek ne mumkun e û dema jiyana Osman wek "çalek reş" bi nav dike.^[8]

Li gorî kevneşopiya Osmanî ya paşerojê, bav û kalên Osman ji eşîra Kayî yên Tirkên oxizî bûn.^[9] Lêbelê, gelek zanyarên destpêka Osmaniyan wê wekî çêkirinek paşerojê ya ku tê wateya bihêzkirina meşrûiyeta xanedaniyê dihesibînin.^[9]

Mîrektiya Osmaniyan yek ji gelek beylikên Anatoliyê bû ku di nîvê duyemîn ê sedsala sêzdehan de derketi bû holê. Mîrektiya Osman ku li herêma Bursa li bakurê Asya biçûk bû, xwe bi taybetî di cih de dît ku êrişan li ser Împaratoriya Bîzansê ya bêhêz bike, ku neviyên wî dê di dawiyê de bi ser bikevin.

Nav

Hin lêkolîner angaşt kirine ku navê Osmanê orîjînal Tirkî bû, dibe ku Atman an Ataman bû, û tenê paşê hate guherandin û bû O-s-mān, bi eslê xwe Erebî. Çavkaniyên Bîzanzî yên herî kevn, di nav de dîroknasê hemdem û Yewnanî yê Osman George Pachymeres, navê wî wekî „Ἀτουμάν“ (Atouman) an Ἀτμάν (Atman) dinivîsin, lê çavkaniyên Yewnanî bi rêkûpêk hem forma erebî ʿU-th-mān û hem jî guhertoya tirkî ʿO-s-mān bi θ dinivîsin. Çavkaniyek erebî ya pêşîn ku behsa wî dike jî di yek nimûne de ط dinivîse ne ث. Osman dibe ku bi vî awayî di jiyana xwe de navê misilman bi prestîj kiribe.^[10] Lêbelê dîroknasê tirk Halil İnalcık angaşt kir ku hîpoteza Osman bi navê Ataman (li gorî George Pachymeres ) bûye û ji Deşt-i Qipçaqê, bakurê Deryaya Reş hatiye, îhtîmaleke dûr e.

Zanayên Ereb ên mîna Şihab el-Umerî û Îbn Xeldûn navê Osman bikar anîne, lê Ibn Xeldûn û Ibn betûte ku di dema Orhanê Yekem de çûbû herêmê, jê re digotin Osmancık (herwiha Othmanjiq an jî Osmanjiq dinivîsin). ^[11] Paşgira-cık (yan -cuk) di tirkî de kêmjimarê nîşan dide, ji ber vê yekê ew bi navê Osmancik, ku tê wateya "Osmanê Biçûk" dihat nasîn, ji bo ku wî û Xelîfeyê Rêşîdun ê sêyem "Usmanê Mezin" cuda bike.^[12]

Mijarên têkildar

Împeratoriya Osmanî

Çavkanî

^ Kermeli, Eugenia (2009). "Osman I". Bi Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce (edîtor). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. r. 444. Reliable information regarding Osman is scarce. His birth date is unknown and his symbolic significance as the father of the dynasty has encouraged the development of mythic tales regarding the ruler's life and origins; however, historians agree that before 1300, Osman was simply one among a number of Turkoman tribal leaders operating in the Sakarya region.
^ Kafadar, Cemal (1995). Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. r. 16. By the time of Osman's death (1323 or 1324)...
^ "Osman I". Encyclopedia Britannica. Osman I, also called Osman Gazi, (born c. 1258—died 1324 or 1326), ruler of a Turkmen principality in northwestern Anatolia who is regarded as the founder of the Ottoman Turkish state.
^ The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1999, Donald Quataert, page 4, 2005
^ Kafadar, Cemal (1995). Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. r. xii. There is still not one authentic written document known from the time of ʿOsmān, and there are not many from the fourteenth century altogether.
^ Kafadar, Cemal (1995). Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. r. 93.
^ Finkel, Caroline (2005). Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923. Basic Books. r. 6. ISBN 978-0-465-02396-7. Modern historians attempt to sift historical fact from the myths contained in the later stories in which the Ottoman chroniclers accounted for the origins of the dynasty[.]
^ Imber, Colin (1991). Zachariadou, Elizabeth (edîtor). The Ottoman Emirate (1300-1389). Rethymnon: Crete University Press. r. 75. Almost all the traditional tales about Osman Gazi are fictitious. The best thing a modern historian can do is to admit frankly that the earliest history of the Ottomans is a black hole. Any attempt to fill this hole will result simply in more fables.
^ ^a ^b Kafadar, Cemal (1995). Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. r. 122. That they hailed from the Kayı branch of the Oğuz confederacy seems to be a creative "rediscovery" in the genealogical concoction of the fifteenth century. It is missing not only in Ahmedi but also, and more importantly, in the Yahşi Fakih-Aşıkpaşazade narrative, which gives its own version of an elaborate genealogical family tree going back to Noah. If there was a particularly significant claim to Kayı lineage, it is hard to imagine that Yahşi Fakih would not have heard of it.
^ Kafadar, Cemal (1995). Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. r. 124.
^ Ahmet Yaşar Ocak, (2000), Osmanli Devleti'nin kuruluşu: efsaneler ve gerçekler, p. 45 (in Turkish)
^ Kenje Kara, Daniel Prior, (2004), Archivum Ottomanicum, Volume 22, p. 140

[birth-1] Kermeli, Eugenia (2009). "Osman I". Bi Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce (edîtor). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. r. 444. Reliable information regarding Osman is scarce. His birth date is unknown and his symbolic significance as the father of the dynasty has encouraged the development of mythic tales regarding the ruler's life and origins; however, historians agree that before 1300, Osman was simply one among a number of Turkoman tribal leaders operating in the Sakarya region.

[death-2] Kafadar, Cemal (1995). Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. r. 16. By the time of Osman's death (1323 or 1324)...

[3] "Osman I". Encyclopedia Britannica. Osman I, also called Osman Gazi, (born c. 1258—died 1324 or 1326), ruler of a Turkmen principality in northwestern Anatolia who is regarded as the founder of the Ottoman Turkish state.

[4] The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1999, Donald Quataert, page 4, 2005

[5] Kafadar, Cemal (1995). Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. r. xii. There is still not one authentic written document known from the time of ʿOsmān, and there are not many from the fourteenth century altogether.

[6] Kafadar, Cemal (1995). Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. r. 93.

[7] Finkel, Caroline (2005). Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923. Basic Books. r. 6. ISBN 978-0-465-02396-7. Modern historians attempt to sift historical fact from the myths contained in the later stories in which the Ottoman chroniclers accounted for the origins of the dynasty[.]

[8] Imber, Colin (1991). Zachariadou, Elizabeth (edîtor). The Ottoman Emirate (1300-1389). Rethymnon: Crete University Press. r. 75. Almost all the traditional tales about Osman Gazi are fictitious. The best thing a modern historian can do is to admit frankly that the earliest history of the Ottomans is a black hole. Any attempt to fill this hole will result simply in more fables.

[kayi-9] Kafadar, Cemal (1995). Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. r. 122. That they hailed from the Kayı branch of the Oğuz confederacy seems to be a creative "rediscovery" in the genealogical concoction of the fifteenth century. It is missing not only in Ahmedi but also, and more importantly, in the Yahşi Fakih-Aşıkpaşazade narrative, which gives its own version of an elaborate genealogical family tree going back to Noah. If there was a particularly significant claim to Kayı lineage, it is hard to imagine that Yahşi Fakih would not have heard of it.

[10] Kafadar, Cemal (1995). Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. r. 124.

[11] Ahmet Yaşar Ocak, (2000), Osmanli Devleti'nin kuruluşu: efsaneler ve gerçekler, p. 45 (in Turkish)

[12] Kenje Kara, Daniel Prior, (2004), Archivum Ottomanicum, Volume 22, p. 140

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