Lîsteya axiverên dawî yên naskirî zimanan
Her ziman gava axiverê wê yê dawî yê ku baş dikare biaxive dimire, dihesibe zimanekî mirî.
Ji nêzîkî 7000 zimanên zindî, nêzîkî 500 hebî hene ku hatine senifandin wek zimanên li ber mirinê"tenê çend qisekerên temenmezin mane ku pê diaxivin".[1]
Axiverên dawî yên zimanan
biguhêreNav | Jidayikbûn | Mirin | Ziman | Senifandin | Nîşe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Marchant, ChestenChesten Marchant | Nediyar | 1676 | Kornî1 !Kornî (axiverê dawî yê yekzimanî) | hind û ewropî – Celtic – Insular Celtic – Brittonic | [notes 1] |
McMurray, MargaretMargaret McMurray | Nediyar | 1760 | Galwegian dialect, Scottish Gaelic | Indo-European – Celtic – Insular Celtic – Goidelic – Scottish Gaelic | |
Pentreath, DollyDolly Pentreath | Nediyar | 1777 | Cornish2 !Cornish (traditionally known as the last fluent native speaker; disputed)[2] | Indo-European – Celtic – Insular Celtic – Brittonic | [notes 2] |
Shanawdithit | 1801c. 1801 | 1829 | Beothuk | unclassified | |
Sutherland, WalterWalter Sutherland | Nediyar | 1850c. 1850 | Norn | Indo-European – Germanic – North Germanic – West Scandinavian | |
Juana Maria | Nediyar | 1853 | Nicoleño | Uto-Aztecan – Northern – Takic (unclassified beyond the Takic family) | |
Nikonha | 1765c. 1765 | 1871 | Tutelo | Siouan – Western Siouan – Ohio Valley Siouan – Virginia Siouan | [notes 3] |
Trugernanner | 1812c. 1812 | 1876 | Tasmanian !an unidentified Tasmanian language | unknown; there were multiple language families in Tasmania | [notes 4] |
Davey, JohnJohn Davey | 1812 | 1891 | Cornish3 !Cornish (some knowledge) | Indo-European – Celtic – Insular Celtic – Brittonic | [notes 5] |
Udaina, TuoneTuone Udaina | 1823 | 1898 | Dalmatian | Indo-European – Italic – Romance – Italo-Dalmatian | |
Smith, Fanny CochraneFanny Cochrane Smith | 1834 | 1905 | Tasmanian !an unidentified Tasmanian language | unknown; there were multiple language families in Tasmania | [notes 6] |
Fielding, FideliaFidelia Fielding | 1827 | 1908 | Mohegan-Pequot | Algic – Algonquian – Eastern Algonquian | |
Toney, SantuSantu Toney | 1835 | 1910c. 1910 | Beothuk (some knowledge) | unclassified | [notes 7] |
Mann, JohnJohn Mann | 1834 | 1914c. 1914 | Cornish4 !Cornish (extent of proficiency unclear) | Indo-European – Celtic – Insular Celtic – Brittonic | [notes 8] |
Ishi | 1860c. 1860 | 1916 | Yana | language isolate | [notes 9] |
Noble, SallySally Noble | Nediyar | 1922 | Chimariko | language isolate | |
Solorsano, AscencionAscencion Solorsano | Nediyar | 1930 | Mutsun | Yok-Utian – Utian – Ohlone/Costanoan – Southern | [3] |
Johnson, FrancesFrances Johnson | Nediyar | 1934 | Takelma | language isolate | |
Trruúlmani | Nediyar | 1934 | Puelche | Chon | |
Sam !Watt Sam and Nancy Raven | Nediyar | 1939 !late 1930s | Natchez | language isolate | |
Meadows, IsabelIsabel Meadows | 1846 | 1939 | Rumsen | Yok-Utian – Utian – Ohlone/Costanoan – Southern | |
Decloux, DelphineDelphine Decloux | 1871 | 1940 | Chitimacha | language isolate | |
Youchigant, SesostrieSesostrie Youchigant | Nediyar | 1940s | Tunica | language isolate | |
Nalig, JamesJames Nalig | 1870sc. 1870s | 1954 | Utaha | Austronesian – Malayo-Polynesian – Southern Oceanic – Oceanic | [4] |
Yee, MaryMary Yee | 1897 | 1965 | Barbareño | Chumashan – Southern – Central | [notes 10] |
Maddrell, NedNed Maddrell | 1877 | 1974 | Manx | Indo-European – Celtic – Insular Celtic – Goidelic | [notes 11] |
Loij, ÁngelaÁngela Loij | 1900c. 1900 | 1974 | Selk’nam[notes 12] | Chon | |
Lunel, ArmandArmand Lunel | 1892 | 1977 | Shuadit (Jewish dialect of Occitan) | Indo-European – Italic – Romance – Western – Ibero-Romance – Occitan | |
Palmer, AlfAlf Palmer | 1891c. 1891 | 1981 | Warrungu | Pama-Nyungan – Maric | |
Butler, JackJack Butler | 1901 | 1986 | Jiwarli dialect, Mantharta | Pama-Nyungan – Kanyara–Mantharta – Mantharta | |
Nolasquez, RoscindaRoscinda Nolasquez | 1892 | 1987 | Cupeño | Uto-Aztecan – Northern – Takic – Cupan – Cahuilla-Cupeño | |
Plotnikova, KlavdiyaKlavdiya Plotnikova | 1895c. 1895 | 1989 | Kamassian | Uralic – Samoyedic – Core Samoyedic – Kamas–Selkup | |
Munro, MorndiMorndi Munro | Nediyar | 1990s | Unggumi dialect, Worrorra | Worrorran – Western – Worrorra | |
Bernat, FidelaFidela Bernat | 1898 | 1991 | Roncalese (Erronkarriko) dialect, Basque | language isolate !Basque is a language isolate | |
Esenç, TevfikTevfik Esenç | 1904 | 1992 | Ubykh | Northwest Caucasian | |
Asai, TakeTake Asai | 1901c. 1901 | 1994 | Sakhalin Ainu | Ainu | |
Paterson, AlgyAlgy Paterson | Nediyar | 1995 | Martuthunira | Pama-Nyungan – Ngayarta | |
Dailey, Truman WashingtonTruman Washington Dailey | 1898 | 1996 | Otoe-Missouria dialect, Chiwere | Siouan – Western Siouan – Mississippi Valley – Chiwere–Winnebago – Chiwere | |
Vyie | Nediyar | 1997 | Sirenik Eskimo | Eskimo-Aleut – Eskimo – Yupik? | |
Charles, CarmelCarmel Charles | 1912 | 1999 | Nyulnyul | Nyulnyulan – Western | |
Neidjie, Big BillBig Bill Neidjie | 1920c. 1920 | 2002 | Gaagudju | Arnhem | |
Thompson, Edward LeonardEdward Leonard Thompson | 1904 | 2002 | Unami Lenape | Algonquian–Eastern Algonquian | [notes 13] |
Jones, Marie SmithMarie Smith Jones | 1918 | 2008 | Eyak | Na-Dené – Athabascan-Eyak | |
Boro !Ms. Boro | unknown | 2009 | Aka-Kora | Great Andamanese – Northern | |
Rozario, WilliamWilliam Rozario | unknown | 2010 | Cochin Indo-Portuguese creole | Portuguese Creole – Indo-Portuguese Creoles | |
Pan Jin-yu | 1914 | 2010 | Pazeh | Austronesian – Northwest Formosan | |
Boa Sr. | 1925c. 1925 | 2010 | Aka-Bo | Great Andamanese – Northern | |
Hogg, BobbyBobby Hogg | 1920 | 2012 | Cromarty fisher dialect, Scots | Indo-European – Germanic – West Germanic – Anglo-Frisian – Anglic | |
Kristiņa, GrizeldaGrizelda Kristiņa | 1910 | 2013 | Livonian | Uralic – Finnic | [notes 14] |
Sampson, HazelHazel Sampson | 1911 | 2014 | Klallam | North Straits Salishan Languages – Salishan Languages | [notes 15] |
McLemore, DorisDoris McLemore | 1927 | Hîn sax e | Wichita | Caddoan – Northern | [5] |
Calderón, CristinaCristina Calderón | 1928 !000000001928-05-24-0000May 24, 1928 | Hîn sax e | Yaghan | language isolate | |
Benson, EdwinEdwin Benson | 1931 | Hîn sax e | Mandan | Siouan – Western Siouan | |
Mungulda, CharlieCharlie Mungulda | Nediyar | Hîn sax e | Amurdag | Iwaidjan | [6] |
Steckley, JohnJohn Steckley | Nediyar | Hîn sax e | Wyandot | Iroquoian – Northern – Lake Iroquoian – Five Nations – Huronian | [notes 16] |
Parker, VerdenaVerdena Parker | Nediyar | Hîn sax e | Hupa | Na-Dené – Athabaskan-Eyak – Athabaskan – Pacific Coast Athabaskan | [7][8][notes 17] |
Sen, Gyani MaiyiGyani Maiyi Sen | 1937c. 1937 | Hîn sax e | Kusunda | language isolate | [9] [notes 18] |
Wilcox, MarieMarie Wilcox | 1933 | Hîn sax e | Wukchumni | Yok-Utian – Yokutsan – General Yokuts – Nim – Tule-Kaweah | [10] |
Wekî din
biguhêreNîşe
biguhêreReferences
biguhêre- ^ Endangered languages Ethnologue: Languages of the World.
- ^ "Legend of Dolly Pentreath outlived her native tongue" Girêdana arşîvê 2012-02-07 li ser Wayback Machine.
- ^ [1] Archived 4 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "What happened to Erromango's languages?" Girêdana arşîvê 2018-02-03 li ser Wayback Machine by Terry Crowley, The Journal of the Polynesian Society, 106:33-64, No. 1 (1997)
- ^ "The Last Living Speaker of Wichita : NPR" (Audio interview).
- ^ "Scientists Race Around World to Save Dying Languages".
- ^ Evans, Nicholas (2010).
- ^ Newberry, Daniel.
- ^ "Obscure language isolate will die with this woman" Girêdana arşîvê 2013-10-30 li ser Wayback Machine.
- ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/19/opinion/who-speaks-wukchumni.html