Alîkarî:IPA ji bo portûgalî
(Ji Alîkarî:IPA ji bo Portûgalî hat beralîkirin)
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- ^ a b In northern and central Portugal, /b/, /d/, and /ɡ/ are lenited to fricatives of the same place of articulation ([[[
- en:Voiced bilabial fricative|β]]], [[[
- en:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]], and [[[
- en:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]], respectively) in all places except after a pause, or a nasal vowel, in which contexts they are stops [b, d, ɡ], not dissimilar from English b, d, g (Mateus & d'Andrade 2000:11). Most often, it happens only in southern and insular Portugal and in Brazil in some unstressed syllables, generally in relaxed speech, but this is by no means universal.
- ^ a b In most varieties of Brazilian Portuguese, /d, t/ are palatalized and affricated to post-alveolar before high front vowels /i, ĩ/ except in certain dialects of Northeast of Brazil, such as Central northeastern Portuguese /d, t/ are preferably pronounced alveolar or dental mode before high front vowels /i, ĩ/).
- ^ Final /l/ is velarized in European Portuguese.
- ^ /ʎ/ has merged with [[[
- en:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]] in some dialects of Brazilian Portuguese, specially the caipira one.
- ^ a b The rhotic consonant represented as /ʁ/ has considerable variation across different variants, being pronounced as [[[
- en:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]], [[[
- en:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]], [[[
- en:Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]]], [[[
- en:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]], [[[
- en:Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]]], etc., in Brazil and as [[[
- en:Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]]], [[[
- en:Voiced uvular trill|ʀ]]], [[[
- en:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]], etc., in Portugal. See also Guttural R in Portuguese.
- ^ a b c The rhotic consonants /ɾ/ ⟨r⟩ and /ʁ/ ⟨rr⟩ contrast only between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution as ⟨r⟩, with /ʁ/ occurring word-initially, after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, and ⟨s⟩ and in compounds; /ɾ/ is found elsewhere.
- ^ a b The realization of syllable-final ⟨r⟩ varies amongst dialects; it is generally pronounced as an alveolar tap [[[
- en:Alveolar tap|ɾ]]] in European Portuguese and some Brazilian dialects (e.g. Rio Grande do Sul state and São Paulo city), as a coronal approximant ([[[
- en:Voiced alveolar approximant|ɹ]]] or [[[
- en:Voiced retroflex approximant|ɻ]]]) in various other Brazilian dialects, and as a guttural R in all others (e.g. Rio de Janeiro city, the overwhelmingly majority from the Northeast). Additionally, in some Brazilian Portuguese dialects, word-final ⟨r⟩ may be weakened to complete elision in infinitives; e.g. ficar [fiˈka] (no ⟨r⟩ is pronounced but as a tap [ɾ] only if it is followed by a vowel sound in the same phrase or prosodic unit: ficar ao léu [fiˈkaɾ aw ˈlɛw]). This is very similar to the linking R used in some accents of English, e.g. Received Pronunciation or Australian English.
- ^ a b Mostly in Brazil, the fricatives /s/ and /z/ are not palatalized between syllables or coda positions, but there is a strong palatalization of them in some dialects, such as fluminense, carioca, northern, recifense and florianopolitan (/s/ becomes /ʃ/ and /z/ becomes /ʒ/). Since in most dialects of the northeast region of Brazil, palatalization of fricatives occurs only before stop or affricate consonants (/d, t, dʒ, tʃ/), such in as the word texto [ˈteʃtu].
- ^ Intervocalic glides are ambisyllabic, they're part of previous falling diphthongs and they're geminated to next syllable onset. Examples of such pronunciations are goiaba [ɡojˈjabɐ] and Cauã for [kawˈwɐ̃].
- ^ a b Most Brazilian dialects have closed ⟨a⟩ for stressed sequences ⟨ai⟩ when it comes before /m/ and /n/. In many dialects it is also nasalized. Many speakers of those dialects, including broadcast media has open ⟨a⟩ for some words like Jaime and Roraima.
- ^ First-person plural past tense in European Portuguese has open ⟨a⟩, and present tense has closed ⟨a⟩. Both conjugated with closed ⟨a⟩ in Brazilian Portuguese
- ^ In the dialect of Lisbon, /e/ merges with /ɐ/ when it comes before palatal sounds (e.g. abelha, venho, jeito).
- ^ There is no diphthong before palatal consonant, so hiatuses are not indicated before /ɲ/ (e.g. rainha /ʁaˈiɲɐ/).
- ^ In Brazilian Portuguese, pre-stressed close ⟨a⟩ only is obligatory before /ɲ/, and has tendency to raise before other nasal consonant. In many dialects nasalization also is obligatory before /ɲ/, Wetzel proposes such nasalized dialects have phonemic palatal gemination (e.g. canhoto /kaɲˈɲotu/ [kɐ̃ˈɲotu]). See Consoantes palatais como geminadas fonológicas no Português Brasileiro*
- ^ a b The "northern dialects" (restricted to North and Northeast Brazil) and Rio de Janeiro do not follow the Standard Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation in terms of unstressed vocalism (the standard pronunciation of these vowels are always closed /e, o/, as in "perereca" [peɾeˈɾɛkɐ] and "horário" [oˈɾaɾju], but on those dialects, they are open vowels /ɛ, ɔ/, and the pronunciations of these words to change for [pɛɾɛˈɾɛkɐ] and [ɔˈɾaɾju].
- ^ a b In words such as "perigo" [pɪˈɾigu] and "boneco" [bʊˈnɛku], for example, vowels ⟨e, o⟩ pre-stressed syllables may be pronounced, respectively, as [ɪ, ʊ] in some varieties of Brazilian Portuguese, instead of [i, u].
- ^ a b Some of the post-stressed high vowels in hiatuses, as in frio ('cold') and rio ('river'), may vary between a reduced vowel [ˈfɾi.u] and a glide [ˈfɾiw], exceptions are verbal conjugations, forming pairs like eu rio [ˈew ˈʁi.u] (I laugh) and ele riu [ˈelɨ ˈʁiw] (he laughed).
- ^ Nasal vowels in Portuguese are /ɐ̃/, /ẽ/, /ĩ/, /õ/ and /ũ/