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Rêz 8: == Dîrok == Kîmendaze li ser bingehê [[kiryara yekîneyanî]] hat avakirin. Kiryara yekîneyanî çemk anko mefhûmeka bingehîn ya kîmendazeyê ye. Bawerîya pirranîya rayedaran ew e ko Davîsî çemka kiryara yekîneyanî dahîna. Wî li sala 1887ê, çend [[dersgotar]] li [[Xwandingeha Teknîkî ya Mançesterê\|Xwandingeha Teknîkî ya Mançesterê]] (ko paştir bû parçeyek ji [[Zanîngeha Mançesterê]] pêşkêş kirin, ko wesa dihêt bawerkirin ko dersgotarên herî pêşîn di kîmendazeyê da bin. Sê salan berî dersgotarên Davîsî, [[Henry Edward Armstrong]] di xuleka kîmendazeyê da li [[Binkeyê Bajar û Pîşekarên Londonê]] (City and Guilds of London Institute) ders dida. Xula Armstrongî bi ser nekevt, hema ji ber wê ko ... derçûyên wê xulê bi dilê kardaran nebûn. Kardarên wê demê zêdetir ji [[kîmya\|kîmyanasan]] û [[endazyar\|endazyarên]] mekanîkê hez dikir. Xulên kîmendazeyê li [[Bingehê Teknolojîyê yê Masaçûsetê]] ([[Massachusetts Institute of Technology\|MIT]]) li Amerîkayê, [[Zanînkoma Owensê]] ([[Owens College]]) li [[Mançester\|Mançesterê]] û li [[Zanînkoma Zanîngehî ya Londonê]] tûşî wê arêşeyê bûn. Li destpêka 1888ê, [[Lewis Nortont\|Lewis Nortonî]] li MITyê dest bi xula yekê ya kîmendazeyê li Amerîkayê kir. Xula Nortonî hevdem û hevrengî xula Armstrongî bû. Her du xulan bi sanahî babetên kîmyayê û endazyarîyê digel nitilandin anko dîzayna berheman tev li hev dikirin. Starting from 1888,[11] Lewis M. Norton taught at MIT the first chemical engineering course in the United States. Norton's course was contemporaneous and essentially similar to Armstrong's course. Both courses, however, simply merged chemistry and engineering subjects along with product design. "Its practitioners had difficulty convincing engineers that they were engineers and chemists that they were not simply chemists."[5] Unit operations was introduced into the course by William Hultz Walker in 1905.[12] By the early 1920s, unit operations became an important aspect of chemical engineering at MIT and other US universities, as well as at Imperial College London.[13] The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), established in 1908, played a key role in making chemical engineering considered an independent science, and unit operations central to chemical engineering. For instance, it defined chemical engineering to be a "science of itself, the basis of which is ... unit operations" in a 1922 report; and with which principle, it had published a list of academic institutions which offered "satisfactory" chemical engineering courses.[14] Meanwhile, promoting chemical engineering as a distinct science in Britain lead to the establishment of the Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE) in 1922.[15] IChemE likewise helped make unit operations considered essential to the discipline.[16]

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